Description

Test Bank NeuroscienceChapter 6 by Laurie Lundy-Ekman What is an example of Calcium ion acting as a second messenger? - - answer-IP3 causing organelles to discharge their calcium stores - increase in cytosolic calcium can trigger widespread and long lasting effects - one of these effects could be activation of CaMK ( calcium-calmodulindependent protein kinase) -CaMK is important in the molecular mechanisms of memory What occurs when G protein activates phospholipases C? - -answer-- PLC acts on the membrane phospholipid PIP2 by splitting it into two -PIP2 becomes DAG and IP3 - DAG stays on one plane and activates downstream enzyme protein kinase C (PKC) - IP3 diffuses away from the membrane and causes organelles to discharge their calcium stores What is the antagonist for AMPA glutamate receptors? - -answer-CNQX What is the antagonist for NMDA glutamate receptors? - -answer-AP5 What is the difference between NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors? - - answer-slight differences in the protein that makes up the recptor Diverging neurotransmitter effects are represented by - -answer-the multitude of consequences a single neurotransmitter may have because it affects many different receptor subtypes in postsynaptic neurons -This effect may occur in a single neuron that possesses G-proteincoupled receptors with two or more intracellular functions or, potentially, single neurons that elaborate different types of receptors in different parts of the neuron List the criteria that are used to determine whether a chemical serves as a neurotransmitter. - -answer-1) The molecule must be synthesized and stored in the presynaptic neuron 2) The molecule must be released by the presynaptic axon terminal upon stimulation 3) The molecule, when experimentally applied, must produce a response in the postsynaptic cell that mimics the response produced by the release of the neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuron What are the various experimental strategies you could use to show that ACh fulfills the criteria of a neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction? - -answer-Immunohistochemistry shows where specific molecules are localized, in situ hybridization shows where specific mRNA transcripts for specific proteins are located What are three methods that could be used to show that a neurotransmitter receptor is synthesized or localized in a particular neuron? - -answer-Neuropharmacological analysis of i) synaptic transmission, ii) ligand-binding methods, and iii) molecular analysis of receptor proteins Neuroppharmological analysis studies - -answer-the actions of different drugs