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BIOD 152 Module 2 Exam Essential Human Anatomy & Physiology II: Portage Learning With Verified Q & A Latest Updated 2024 What is Alzheimer's disease? - -Form of dementia (memory deficit) -degenerative disease - results in mental decline until brain can no longer control basic bodily functions What structural changes does alzheimers cause? - -formation of plague -entanglement of neurons -lack of neural firing -leads to neuron death -shrinkage of the cerebral cortex gray mater What are the stages of alzheimers? - -early: difficulty remembering new things -mid: brain loss interferes with basic memory skills, mood changes, disorientation -late: difficulty speaking, swallowing, walking What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)? - motor neuron disease which can lead to paralysis, loss of speech, swallowing, breathing -degeneration of ventral horn motor neurons What is paralysis? - What is a complete or total spinal cord injury? - -Cord is completely severed at any level -TOtal motor and sensory loss occurs below the site of damage What is paraplegia? - paralysis from the waist downn -T1-L1 What is quadriplegia? - paralysis of all four limbs What is carpal tunnel syndrome? - -compression of the median nerve -causes decreased sensation in the first 3 1/2 digits What is claw hand? - -damage to ular nerve -inability to open 4th and 5th digit What is sciatica? - -Pressure on the sciatic nerve from the surrounding muscles -causes pain in lower pelvis down to posterior thigh What is paralysis? - Loss of motor and sensory function caused by localized damage to spinal cord or spinal nerves Name the 4 brain divisions - Cerebrum, brainstem, diencephalon, cerebellum Name the ventricles of the brain -2 lateral ventricles, third ventricle, fourth ventricle What are brain ventricles - Protective cavity of brain filled with CSF Name the 3 meningeal layers of the brain - dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater What is the dura mater and subdural space?- in brain - Dura: outermost layer, double later Subdural: space below dura What is the arachnoid meninx and subarachnoid space?- in brain - arachnoid: loose layer of connective tissue below the dura subarachnoid: space below arachnoid, contains blood vessels and CSF What is the pia mater?- in brain - Thin connective tissue attached to brain, below the arachnoid What is the choroid plexus? - Network of blood vessels in ventricles of the brain List functions of CSF - Protects chemical enviro, allows brain to float, cushions brain and spinal cord